Endemic flora include the cushion plant Azorella macquariensis, the grass Puccinellia macquariensis, as well as two orchids - Nematoceras dienemum and Nematoceras sulcatum.įauna found on the island include: Subantarctic Fur Seals, Antarctic Fur Seals, New Zealand Fur Seals and Southern Elephant Seals - over 80,000 individuals of this species.
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Bog communities include 'featherbed', a deep and spongy peat bog vegetated by grasses and low herbs, with patches of free water. The island has five principal vegetation formations: grassland, herbfield, fen, bog and feldmark. There are over 45 vascular plant species and more than 90 moss species, as well as many liverworts and lichens.
Plants rarely grow over 1 m in height, though the tussock-forming grass Poa foliosa can grow up to 2 m tall in sheltered areas. The flora has taxonomic affinities with other subantarctic islands, especially those to the south of New Zealand. Macquarie Island's climate is moderated by the sea, and all months have an average temperature above freezing, although snow is common between June and October and may even occur in Macquarie Island's "summer". In the 19th Century the phantom Emerald Island supposedly lay to the south of Macquarie Island. The Bishop and Clerk Islets mark the southernmost point of Australia (including islands). This seafloor ridge is aligned along the eastern margin of the tectonic plate boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate. Macquarie Island lies atop a geographic feature named for the island, the Macquarie Ridge. The high points include Mount Elder on the north-east coastal ridge at 385 m (1,263 ft), and Mounts Hamilton and Fletcher in the south at 410 m (1,350 ft). The island is in two main pieces of plateau of around 150–200 m (490–660 ft) elevation to the north and south, joined by a narrow isthmus close to sea level. Due to this it was made a UNESCO world heritage site in 1997. It is the only place in the world where rocks from the mantle are actively exposed at sea level. Macquarie Island is an exposed portion of the Macquarie Ridge, and is located where the Australian plate meets the Pacific plate.
The population of the base, the island's only human inhabitants, usually varies from 20 to 40 people over the year.
Since 1948 the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) has maintained a permanent base, the Macquarie Island Station, on the isthmus at the northern end of the island at the foot of Wireless Hill. Ecologically, it is part of the Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra ecoregion. The island is home to the entire Royal Penguin population on earth during their annual nesting season. It was a part of Esperance Municipality until 1993, when the municipality was merged with other municipalities to Huon Valley. Macquarie Island (or Macca) lies in the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean, about half-way between New Zealand and Antarctica, Politically, it is part of Tasmania, Australia since 1900 and became a Tasmanian State Reserve in 1978.
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